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Air mass factor formulation for spectroscopic measurements from satellites: Application to formaldehyde retrievals from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment

机译：用于卫星光谱测量的空气质量因子配方：应用于全球臭氧监测实验中的甲醛回收

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We present a new formulation for the air mass factor (AMF) to convert slant column measurements of optically thin atmospheric species from space into total vertical columns. Because of atmospheric scattering, the AMF depends on the vertical distribution of the species. We formulate the AMF as the integral of the relative vertical distribution (shape factor) of the species over the depth of the atmosphere, weighted by altitude-dependent coefficients (scattering weights) computed independently from a radiative transfer model. The scattering weights are readily tabulated, and one can then obtain the AMF for any observation scene by using shape factors from a three dimensional (3-D) atmospheric chemistry model for the period of observation. This approach subsequently allows objective evaluation of the 3-D model with the observed vertical columns, since the shape factor and the vertical column in the model represent two independent pieces of information. We demonstrate the AMF method by using slant column measurements of formaldehyde at 346 nm from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment satellite instrument over North America during July 1996. Shape factors are computed with the Global Earth Observing System CHEMistry (GEOS-CHEM) global 3-D model and are checked for consistency with the few available aircraft measurements. Scattering weights increase by an order of magnitude from the surface to the upper troposphere. The AMFs are typically 20–40% less over continents than over the oceans and are approximately half the values calculated in the absence of scattering. Model-induced errors in the AMF are estimated to be ∼10%. The GEOS-CHEM model captures 50% and 60% of the variances in the observed slant and vertical columns, respectively. Comparison of the simulated and observed vertical columns allows assessment of model bias.
机译：我们提出了一种新的空气质量因子（AMF）公式，可将光学稀薄大气物质的倾斜柱测量值从空间转换为总垂直柱。由于大气散射，AMF取决于物种的垂直分布。我们将AMF公式化为物种在大气深度上的相对垂直分布（形状因子）的积分，并由独立于辐射传递模型计算的高度相关系数（散射权重）加权。散射权重易于制表，然后可以通过使用三维（3-D）大气化学模型中的形状因子在观察期间获得任何观察场景的AMF。随后，由于模型中的形状因数和垂直列代表两个独立的信息，因此该方法允许使用观察到的垂直列对3-D模型进行客观评估。我们通过1996年7月在北美进行的来自全球臭氧监测实验卫星仪器的346 nm甲醛斜柱测量，证明了AMF方法。使用全球地球观测系统CHEMistry（GEOS-CHEM）global 3-D计算形状因子模型，并与少量飞机测量结果进行一致性检查。从表面到对流层上层的散射权重增加了一个数量级。大陆上的AMF通常比海洋上的AMF低20–40％，大约是在没有散射的情况下计算得出的值的一半。 AMF中由模型引起的误差估计约为10％。 GEOS-CHEM模型分别捕获了所观察到的倾斜列和垂直列中的50％和60％的方差。比较模拟的垂直柱和观察到的垂直柱可以评估模型偏差。

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